The diagram below shows the leather making process. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. (Biểu đồ dưới đây mô tả quy trình sản xuất da. Hãy tóm tắt thông tin bằng cách chọn lọc và trình bày những đặc điểm chính, đồng thời thực hiện so sánh khi cần thiết.) |
Với đề bài trên, phần thân bài chúng ta có thể chia quy trình thành 2 nhóm:
- Nhóm bước 1: Từ bước 1 - bước 7
- Nhóm bước 2: Từ bước 7 - bước 12
>> Hướng dẫn viết IELTS Writing task 1 dạng Process
Tham khảo bài mẫu từ SOL nhé:
The diagram illustrates the twelve-stage process of leather production, commencing with the delivery of animal skins and culminating in the application of wax. This transformation involves a combination of physical and chemical treatments to convert raw hides into finished leather.
Initially, animal skins arrive and are sorted according to size. Following this, a trimming process removes excess material. Subsequently, salt is added as a preservative, inhibiting bacterial growth and preventing unpleasant odours. The salted skins then undergo a 36-day curing process on racks before being soaked in water for 12 to 24 hours. Hair removal follows, achieved using a knife.
The next stage involves pickling, where the skins are treated with a mixture of salt and acid to soften them. This is followed by tanning, a 46-hour chemical treatment within a rotating drum that strengthens the leather and enhances its durability. After tanning, oils and colours are added to improve softness and achieve the desired shade. The leather is then machine-dried. Finally, a layer of wax is applied by hand, providing a smooth, polished finish to the leather.
(178 words)
The provided flow chart details the comprehensive process of leather manufacturing, from the initial delivery of raw animal hides to the final waxing stage. Twelve distinct steps are involved, encompassing both physical manipulations and chemical treatments to transform raw material into a finished product.
The process begins with the delivery and subsequent size-based sorting of animal skins. Trimming follows, removing unwanted sections. Salt is then added as a preservative, inhibiting bacterial growth and preventing unpleasant odors. A significant curing phase, lasting 36 days, takes place on specialized racks, before the skins undergo a soaking process in water for 12-24 hours to prepare them for further treatment. Hair removal, facilitated by a knife, completes this initial phase.
Subsequently, the skins are pickled using a solution of salt and acid, improving their suppleness. Tanning, a crucial chemical process lasting 48 hours in a rotating drum, strengthens the hides and renders them durable. The addition of oils and color enhances both the softness and aesthetic appeal of the leather. A mechanized drying process removes excess moisture. The final step involves the manual application of wax, imparting a smooth, lustrous finish to the finished leather. The entire process showcases a sophisticated interplay of traditional techniques and modern machinery.
(204 words)
Dưới đây là một số từ vựng IELTS hữu ích về quy trình làm da:
| New Word | Word Type | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Hide | Noun | Da động vật (đã được xử lý sơ bộ) |
| Tanning | Noun/Verb | Quá trình thuộc da |
| Chrome tanning | Noun | Phương pháp thuộc da bằng crôm |
| Vegetable tanning | Noun | Phương pháp thuộc da bằng chất chiết xuất từ thực vật |
| Pickling | Noun/Verb | Quá trình ngâm da trong dung dịch muối và acid |
| De-hairing | Noun/Verb | Quá trình loại bỏ lông da |
| Fleshing | Noun/Verb | Quá trình loại bỏ phần thịt thừa trên da |
| Drumming | Noun/Verb | Quá trình xử lý da trong thùng quay |
| Retanning | Noun/Verb | Quá trình thuộc da lại |
| Finishing | Noun | Quá trình hoàn thiện da |
| Dyeing | Noun/Verb | Quá trình nhuộm màu da |
| Full-grain leather | Noun | Loại da thuộc nguyên tấm |
| Top-grain leather | Noun | Loại da thuộc lớp trên |
| Suede | Noun | Da lộn |
| Patent leather | Noun | Da bóng |
